Fig. 5
From: Antiviral Activities of a Medicinal Plant Extract Against Sacbrood Virus in Honeybees
Relative changes of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides abaecin (a) apidaecin (b), hymenoptaecin (c) and defensin (d). For each gene, the relative expression was expressed as an n-fold difference relative to the calibrator (marked by a star) by 2–∆∆Ct method. In Group-I (CK), larvae received neither CSBV no R. isatidis extract. In Group-II, larvae were inoculated with CSBV without treatment of R. isatidis extract. In Group III, larvae were inoculated with CSBV and treated with R. isatidis extract. The different lower case letters above bars indicate the statistically significant difference among different groups (P ≤ 0.05, ANOVA and Tukey´s tests)