Study | Host | γδ subsets | Anti-influenza mechanism |
---|---|---|---|
Sant et al. [61] | Human γδ T cells along with target IAV-infected THP-1 cells | Vγ9Vδ2 | Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-mediated IFN-γ-dependent anti-influenza activity Killing of target cells by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells with an equivalent efficiency to CD8+ T cells and NK cells |
Schwaiger et al. [105] | Pigs, as human-like IAV infection models | pan γδ | Anti-IAV activity mediated by γδ T cells in a perforin-dependent cytotoxic pathway An increase in the percentage of CD8 expressing γδ T cells in route of viral entry |
Xi-zhi et al. [14] | A neonatal mouse model | pan γδ | IL-17A-producing γδ T cell-mediated increased lung epithelial cell-derived IL-33 IL-33-mediated lung repair through the infiltration of group 2 innate lymphoid cells and regulatory T cells to the lung |
Palomino et al. [106] | C57BL/6 mice | pan γδ | Recruitment of γδ T cells to the site of infection in a CXCR3 receptor-dependent fashion IL-17A-producing γδ T cell-mediated enhanced protective cells (neutrophils and NK cells) recruitment to the tracheal mucosa |
Goldberg et al. [108] | Mx1-congenic C57BL/6 mice models | pan γδ | KD-expanded γδ T cell-mediated improved lung barrier integrity Viral clearance during lethal influenza infection in airway epithelium by γδ T cells expressing IL-17 |
Carding et al. [13] | C57B1/6 J mice | Vγ4+ Vγ2+/Vγ1+ | A possible role of γδ T cells in responding to HSP+ cells and resolving inflammatory process upon influenza infection |
Ivanov et al. [109] | IL-22−/− and wild type mice | pan γδ | IL-22-producing γδ T cell- dependent limited lung inflammation and increased immunity to bacterial infection at early phase of IAV infection |
Li et al. [9] | Human γδ T cells along with IAV-infected A549 cells | Vγ9Vδ2 | NKG2D-induced Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-mediated cytotoxicity in perforin/granzyme B, TRAIL, and Fas-FasL dependent pathways |
Qin et al. [11] | Human PBMC infected with IAV | pan γδ | CCR5-mediated regulation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell trafficking to virus-infected site by binding to its ligands secreted from infected cells upon IAV infections |
Dong et al. [60] | TCR-δ−/− and wild type mice | pan γδ | Unprocessed whole HA molecule-restricted activation of γδ T cells IFN-γ-mediated antiviral immunity against IAV infection provided by HA-induced γδ T cells γδ T cell-induced bystander activation of other immune cells by secretion of immunomodulatory cytokines |
Stervbo et al. [118] | Human donors | pan γδ | Detrimental effects of age and smoking on LAIV-induced γδ T cell responses |
Horvath et al. [119] | |||
Moser et al. [110] | IL-21R KO mice, C57BL/6, and CD45.1 mice | pan γδ | Modulatory role of IL-21 and serpinb1a in the control of negative effects of overstimulation of IL-17-producing γδ T cells in the respiratory tract after IAV infection |
Zhao et al. [111] | Wild type and serpinB1−/− mice |