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Table 3 Overview of viruses used in the current study

From: In vitro virucidal activity of Echinaforce®, an Echinacea purpurea preparation, against coronaviruses, including common cold coronavirus 229E and SARS-CoV-2

Name

Strain

Propagated in

Mediuma

Procured from

HCoV

229E

Huh-7, 33 °C

DMEM+ 5%FBS, 2 mM Glutamine, non-essential amino acids, Pen/strep, HEPES (Biochrom, Germany)

Prof. Volker Thiel, University of Bern, Switzerland [24, 25]

MERS-CoV

EMC

Vero, 37 °C

DMEM+ 2%FBS, 2 mM Glutamine, non-essential amino acids, Pen/strep, HEPES (Biochrom, Germany)

Prof. Volker Thiel, University of Bern, Switzerland [24, 25]

SARS-CoV

Frankfurt-1

Vero, 37 °C

DMEM+ 2%FBS, 2 mM Glutamine, non-essential amino acids, Pen/strep, HEPES (Biochrom, Germany)

Prof. Volker Thiel, University of Bern, Switzerland [24, 25]

SARS-CoV-2

BetaCoV/France/IDF0372/2020

Vero E6, 37 °C

DMEM+ 2%FBS, 2 mM Glutamine, non-essential amino acids, Pen/strep, HEPES (Biochrom, Germany)

Institute Pasteur, Paris, France via EVAg, European Virus Archive.

Mouse parvovirus

MVM Prototype, ATCC-1346

A9, 37 °C

DMEM+ 2%FBS, 2 mM Glutamine, non-essential amino acids, Pen/strep, HEPES (Biochrom, Germany)

The National Collection of Pathogenic Viruses, UK

Yellow Fever virus

17D, NCPV-0507

Vero, 37 °C

DMEM+ 2%FBS, 2 mM Glutamine, non-essential amino acids, Pen/strep, HEPES (Biochrom, Germany)

The National Collection of Pathogenic Viruses, UK

Vaccinia virus

Elstree (Lister Vaccine), ATCC-VR-1549

Vero, 37 °C

DMEM+ 2%FBS, 2 mM Glutamine, non-essential amino acids, Pen/strep, HEPES (Biochrom, Germany)

The National Collection of Pathogenic Viruses, UK

  1. All viruses were cultured without CO2 in non-vented flasks, 24 well-, or 96 well-plates covered with sealing foil (Biorad, microseal B-film, MSB 1001) for the duration of experiments
  2. aDulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), Minimum Essential Medium (MEM), Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), Penicillin/Streptomycin (Pen/Strep, 100 U/mL)