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Fig. 3 | Virology Journal

Fig. 3

From: The role of host eIF2α in viral infection

Fig. 3

Viruses inhibit the antiviral effects of PKR. Viral dsRNA activates PKR, and activated PKR inhibits viral protein synthesis by phosphorylating eIF2α (green arrow). However, viruses have evolved many escape mechanisms (red arrows), such as hiding dsRNA (HSV-1 [55, 56]), blocking PKR activation (PRRSV [57], EMCV [58], IAV [59, 60], and MERS-CoV [61]), competing for PKR phosphorylation substrates (myxoma virus [62]), degrading PKR by the lysosome or proteasome pathway (MAV-1 [63] and FMDV [64]) and cleaving PKR via viral proteases (EV71 [65])

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