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Table 4 Risk factors for the development of viral infection. Patient-Level: (at least one positive PCR-result)

From: Co-infections of human herpesviruses (CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7 and EBV) in non-transplant acute leukemia patients undergoing chemotherapy

Risk Factors

(Univariate analysis)

CMV infection

EBV infection

HHV-6 infection

HHV7- infection

Patients Data

Negative

N = 49 (%)

Positive

N = 46 (%)

P

Negative

N = 87 (%)

Positive

N = 8 (%)

P

Negative

N = 70 (%)

Positive

N = 25 (%)

P

Negative

N = 81(%)

Positive

N = 14 (%)

P

Gender

Male

31 (49.2)

32 (50.8)

0.516

56 (88.9)

7 (11.1)

0.260

44 (69.9)

19 (30.1)

0.233

54 (58.7)

9 (14.3)

0.862

Female

18 (56.2)

14 (43.8)

 

31 (96.9)

1 (3.1)

 

26 (81.2)

6 (18.8)

 

27 (84.4)

5 (15.6)

 

Age groups (years)

< 16

26 (53.1)

23 (46.9)

0.765

44 (89.8)

5 (10.2)

0.518

35 (71.4)

14 (28.6)

0.606

40 (81.6)

9 (18.4)

0.303

≥ 16

23 (50)

23 (50)

 

43 (93.5)

3 (6.5)

 

35 (76.1)

11 (23.9)

 

41 (89.1)

5 (10.9)

 

Type of leukemia

AML

18 (41.9)

25 (58.1)

0.085

41 (95.3)

2 (4.7)

0.286

32 (74.4)

11 (25.6)

0.882

37 (86)

6 (14)

0.845

ALL

31 (59.6)

21 (40.4)

 

46 (88.5)

6 (11.5)

 

38 (73.1)

14 (26.9)

 

44 (84.6)

8 (15.4)

 

Response to induction

Non-complete remission

11 (44)

14 (56)

0.377

23 (92)

2 (8)

0.930

20 (80)

5 (20)

0.403

22 (88)

3 (12)

0.653

Complete remission

38 (54.3)

32 (45.7)

 

64 (91.4)

6 (8.6)

 

50 (71.4)

20 (28.6)

 

59 (84.3)

11 (15.7)

 

Disease status (at the last follow-up)

Remission

33 (61.1)

21 (38.9)

0.033

51 (94.5)

3 (5.5)

0.248

45 (83.3)

9 (16.7)

0.014

48 (88.8)

6 (11.2)

0.253

Relapse/Refractory

16 (39)

25 (61)

 

36 (87.8)

5 (12.2)

 

25 (61)

16 (39)

 

33 (80.5)

8 (19.5)

 

Salvage

No received

39 (59.1)

27 (31.9)

0.027

62 (93.9)

4 (6.1)

0.211

54 (81.8)

12 (18.2)

0.007

59 (89.4)

7 (10.6)

0.087

Received

10 (34.5)

19 (65.5)

 

25 (86.2)

4 (13.8)

 

16 (55.2)

13 (44.8)

 

22 (75.9)

7 (24.1)

 

Outcome

Death

7 (41.2)

10 (58.8)

0.344

15 (88.2)

2 (11.8)

0.631

12 (70.6)

5 (29.4)

0.749

15 (88.2)

2 (11.8)

0.703

Alive

42 (53.8)

36 (46.2)

 

72 (92.3)

6 (7.7)

 

58 (74.4)

20 (25.6)

 

66 (84.6)

12 (15.4)

 

Virus

CMV infection

–

–

–

43 (93.5)

3 (6.5)

0.716

27 (58.7)

19 (41.3)

0.001

38 (82.6)

8 (17.4)

0.479

EBV infection

5 (62.5)

3 (37.5)

0.518

–

–

–

5 (62.5)

3 (37.5)

0.430

5 (62.5)

3 (37.5)

0.092

HHV-6 infection

6 (24)

19 (76)

0.001

22 (88)

3 (12)

0.430

–

–

–

22 (88)

3 (12)

0.754

HHV-7 infection

6 (42.8)

8 (57.2)

0.479

11 (78.6)

3 (21.4)

0.092

11 (78.6)

3 (21.4)

0.754

–

–

–

Multivariate analysis for viral infection

Factors

Coefficient (B)

Odds Ratio (OR)

95% Confidence Interval

P

 

CMV infection

HHV-6 infection

1.436

4.205

1.450–12.198

0.008

 

HHV-6 infection

Salvage received

1.060

2.887

1.048–7.955

0.040

 

CMV infection

1.450

4.265

1.474–12.345

0.007

 
  1. Univariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors for HHVs (EBV, CMV, HHV-6 and HHV-7) infections were performed, showing the association between viral infections and patient’s demographic and clinical characteristics using the Chi-square (X2) test or Fisher’s exact test. Statistically significant association was considered if p-value < 0.05 after multivariate analysis (significant p are bolded)