Table 3 Bovine miRNAs up-regulated and down-regulated in cow serum in response to persistent FMDV infection
miRNA regulation in Bovine serum during persistent FMDV infection | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Persistently Infected FMDV Carriers | ||||
miRNA | Fold change | p-value | Ascribed function | Ref |
miR-1281 | −3.41 | 0.004 | □ Lipid metabolism: in dairy cattle, role in adipogenesis | □ [50] |
miR-181b | −2.77 | 0.044 | □ Cellular proliferation: targets RASSF1A and NF-KB □ Immune modulatory: adenylyl cyclase 9 (AC9), antagonistic to IFNα expression | |
miR-23b-5p | −2.44 | 0.047 | □ Tumor suppressor: up-regulated by p53, targets mitochondrial glutaminase, antagonizes c-Myc signaling, and suppresses metastasis □ Cellular proliferation: targets proline oxidase | □ [127,128,129,120,121,122,123,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132] |
miR-22-5p | +2.17 | 0.003 | □ Tumor suppressor: targets CDK6, SIRT1, and Sp1 □ Circulating miRNA bio-marker for Huntington’s Disease and acute phase myocardial infarction □ Involved in neonatal heart development □ Anti-inflammatory: negatively regulates type I IFN inflammatory cytokine response | |
miR-147 | +5.28 | 0.039 | □ Anti-inflammatory: TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4 stimulate miR-147 expression, which participates in negative feedback loop to suppress inflammatory cytokine expression □ Up-regulated by HCV Genotype-4 □ Tumor suppressor: targets HOXC6 oncogene | |
miR-1224 | +5.69 | 0.042 | □ Tumor suppressor: targets CREB1 | □ [136] |
miR-144 | +23.78 | 0.037 | □ Tumor suppressor: targets cyclin E1 (CCNE1), ROCK1, ROCK2, SMAD4, TIGAR, E2F3, ADAMTS5, ADAM10, RAB14, ZEB1/2, and c-Met | |
miR-154a | +24.05 | 0.039 | □ Tumor suppressor: targets E2F5, ZEB2, Wnt5a, Wnt11, TLR2, and HMGA2 | |
miR-497 | +24.62 | 0.044 | □ Tumor suppressor: targets CCNE1, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), represses eIF4E, E3 ubiquitin ligase | |
miR-17-5p | +40.84 | 0.029 | □ Cellular proliferation: targets SMAD7, FBXO31, E2F1, and c-Myc □ Repressed HCV production, inversely correlated with HCV treatment response □ HIV-1 Tat C modulates NOX2 and NOX4 via miR-17-5p □ Immune modulatory: suppresses TLR signaling through IL-6 and represses IFN-stimulated MxA expression | |
miR-205 | +41.22 | 0.027 | □ De-regulates lipid metabolism by targeting ACSL1 □ Cellular proliferation: targets ZEB1, ZEB2, Ubc13, PTEN, IL13RA2, COL5A2, ADM, CXCR2, XPO6, SPSB1, FMO5, and PSMF1 □ HBV X protein hyper-methylates promoter of miR-205 to suppress apoptosis | |
miR-31 | +43.37 | 0.018 | □ Cellular proliferation: up-regulated in tumor cells □ Downstream target genes of miR-31 have an effect on lipid metabolism and adipogenesis □ Innate immunity related: targets MyD88 and interferes with TLR2 and TLR4 signaling | |
Convalescent Cattle (Non-Carriers) | ||||
miR-455-3p | +68.17 | 0.039 | □ Tumor suppressor: targets RAF | □ [61] |
miR-150 | −1.65 | 0.044 | □ Immune modulatory: targets MyD88 (key TLR regulator) and CXCR4 | □ [147] |