Table 1 Comparison of the types of cellular transcription factors and the number of their cognate binding sites on the antisense promoters of human-specific ERVK, HIV-1, and HTLV-1. Sequences of the consensus binding sites for cellular transcription factors predicted to bind these retroviral antisense LTRs are also shown
Transcription Factor | Consensus binding site sequence | Number of putative binding sites predicted in 3′ LTR | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
ERVK HS | HIV-1 | HTLV-1 | ||
Activating Protein 1 (AP-1) c-Jun/c-Fos | TGA (G/C) TCA | 5 | 3 | 2 |
Activating Protein 2α (AP-2α) | GCCNNNGGC | 5 | 2 | 14 |
Activating Transcription Factor-3 (ATF-3) | T (T/G) ACGT (A/C) (A/G) | 1 | --- | 3 |
Androgen Receptor (AR) | GG (A/T) ACANNNTGTTCT (ARE) | 1 | --- | --- |
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor / AhR nuclear translocator (AhR/ARNT) | TNGCGTG | 2 | 3 | 4 |
cAMP Response Element Binding Protein (CREB) | TGACGTCA | --- | --- | 2 |
CCAAT-Enhancer Binding Protein (C/EBP) | A (A/G/T) C (C/A) AAT | 7 | 3 | 3 |
Cellular Myeloblastosis virus protein (c-Myb) | (T/C) AAC (G/T) G | 12 | 7 | 8 |
Cellular Myelocytomatosis virus protein (c-Myc) | NNNCACGTGNN (E-box) | 10 | 1 | 2 |
Chicken Ovalbumin Upstream Promoter Transcription Factor-1 (COUPT or COUPTF-1) | (A/G) G (G/T) TCA | 7 | 15 | 13 |
E2 Factor-1 (E2F-1) | TTT (C/G) (C/G) CGC | --- | --- | 2 |
Early B-cell Factor (EBF) | CCCNNGGG | 9 | 4 | 7 |
EGFR-specific Transcription Factor (ETF) | G/C rich regions | 14 | 4 | 19 |
Enkephalin Transcription Factor-1 (ENKTF-1) | TGGCGTA | 1 | --- | --- |
Estrogen Receptor (ER-α; ER-β) | GGTCANNNTGACC (ERE) | 1 | --- | --- |
E-twenty six (ETS-1; ETS-2) | GGA (A/T) | 12 | 8 | 7 |
ETS-like Transcription Factor 1 (Elk-1; ELF-1) | CAGGAA (C/G) (PU Box) | 5 | 1 | 2 |
Forkhead Box P3 (FOXP3) | (G/A) (T/C) AAACA | 14 | 1 | 3 |
GATA binding proteins  GATA - 1, 4, 5  GATA - 2, 3  GATA - 6 | (A/T) GATA (A/G) (GATA Box) (A/T) GAT (A/C) (A/G) (A/T) GAT (T/C) (A/G) | 3 | 2 | 1 |
6 | 6 | 2 | ||
7 | 5 | 2 | ||
GC Binding Factor (GCF) | GCGGGGC | --- | --- | 1 |
Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR-α; GR- β) | GGTACANNNTGTTC (GRE) | 1 | --- | --- |
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-3/4 (HNF3; HNF4) | GGTCA repeats | 3 | --- | 3 |
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor-1 (HNF1) | GTTAATNATTAAC | 1 | --- | --- |
Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1) | (A/G) CGTG (flanked by (A/C) ACAG) | 3 | 1 | 2 |
Ikarose-1 (IK-1) | TGGGA (A/T) | 16 | 5 | 6 |
Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRF) | GAAANN repeats (ISRE) | 2 | --- | 2 |
Lymphoid Enhancer-binding Factor 1 (LEF-1) | CTTTGAA | 3 | --- | --- |
Myc Associated Zinc finger protein (MAZ) | GGGAGGG | 9 | 1 | 6 |
Nuclear Factor of Activated T cells (NFAT) | GGAGAA | 10 | --- | 7 |
Nuclear Factor I (NFI; NFI/CTF) | TTGGCNNNNNGCCAA | --- | --- | 2 |
Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) | GG (G/A) (G/A) NN (C/T) (C/T) CC | 9 | 7 | 6 |
Nuclear Factor-Y (NF-Y) | CCAAT | 2 | --- | 3 |
Polyomavirus Enhancer Activator 3 (PEA or PEA-3) | GGA (A/T) | 12 | 8 | 7 |
Progesterone Receptor (PR-A; PR-B) | GNACANNNTGTNC (PRE) | 1 | --- | --- |
Protein 53 (p53) | CATTAG | 8 | 1 | 1 |
Recombination signal Binding Protein-Jκ (RBP-Jκ) | (C/T) GTGGGAA | 1 | --- | --- |
Retinoid X Receptorα (RXRa) | AGGTCA | 11 | 4 | 7 |
Serum Response Factor (SRF) | C (C/T) (A/T)6GG | 2 | 4 | 2 |
Sex-determining Region Y (SRY) | (A/T) (A/T) CAA (A/T) | 12 | 4 | 3 |
Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT) | TTCNNNNGAA | 10 | 4 | 8 |
Specificity Protein-1 (Sp1) | GGGCGG | 15 | 1 | 14 |
TATA Binding Protein (TBP) | TATAAA | 1 | --- | 1 |
T cell Factor-4E (TCF-4E) | (G/C) ATCAAAGG | 1 | --- | --- |
Thyroid Hormone Receptor (TRβ) | TGAGGTCA (TRE) | 1 | --- | 1 |
Transcription Factor II-D (TFII-D) | TATAAA | 1 | --- | 1 |
Transcription Factor II-I (TFII-I) | CANNTG | 13 | 3 | 1 |
Upstream Transcription Factor (USF-1, USF-2) | CACGTG (E-box) | 10 | 1 | 2 |
Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) | G (G/T) TCA | 25 | 20 | 21 |
X-box binding protein (XBP-1) | CCACG | 9 | 9 | 9 |
Yin Yang 1 (YY1) | GCCATNTT | 1 | --- | 1 |