Fig. 5

Fluorescence microscopy analysis of the attachment of the GII.4 2004 variant NoV VLPs (v2) to D-Caco-2 cells. a Representative immunofluorescence microscopy images of D-Caco-2 cells in the presence of 5 μg/ml of v2 VLPs (left). Binding of VLPs (shown a v2 strain) was performed by incubating D-Caco-2 cells with VLPs followed by detection using an anti-NoV polyclonal antibody as described under the ‘Methods’ section. The arrow indicates VLP binding and numbers mark off the cells bound by v2 VLPs. Negative controls correspond to D-Caco-2 cells incubated without VLPs (right). The image on the middle shows the cell monolayer under DAPI filter. b Mean counts of nine microscopic fields (40X) with standard deviations of D-Caco-2 cells bound with NoV GII.4-v0, GII.4-v2 and GII.4-2006bVLPs (fluorescent cells/microscopic field). P values indicating significant differences are shown