Fig. 1

SULT1A1 is highly expressed in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). a The cellular sulfonation pathway. The first step of the cellular sulfonation pathway involves import through a sulfate transporter of a sulfate ion that is then used as a substrate by either 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′phosphosulfate (PAPS) synthetase enzymes PAPSS1 or PAPSS2. These proteins catalyze two enzymatic steps to generate PAPS, the high-energy universal sulfonate-donor from sulfate and two molcules of ATP. PAPS can be transported across the Golgi membrane and used by the Golgi sulfotransferases to generate sulfonated proteins, glycoproteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans. Alternatively, PAPS can be used by cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTS) to sulfonate small molecules such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and xenobiotics. b Human CD4+ T cells and CD14+ monocytes were isolated from donor PBMCs by magnetic bead isolation. Resting CD4+ T cells were lysed directly after separation, and the remaining CD4+ T cells were activated using CD3/CD28 beads for three days. Monocytes were cultured for 7 days in the presence of 20 ng/ml M-CSF, were lysed, subjected to gel electrophoresis, and immunoblotting was performed to detect SULT1A1 or the loading control Ku86 protein