Fig. 5From: HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy lead to unfolded protein response activationThe UPR is activated in HIV-infected cells. The expression of BiP and cleaved ATF6 is increased in HIV-infected cells, regardless of ARV therapy. Additionally, the PERK-related factor eIF2α and the sensor IRE1 are phosphorylated in HIV-infected cells under ARV treatment conditions. Phosphorylation and activation of these molecules are known to lead, respectively, to selective translation of ATF4 and XBP1 splicing, both contributing to a higher protein-folding capacity in the ERBack to article page