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Fig. 1 | Virology Journal

Fig. 1

From: HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy lead to unfolded protein response activation

Fig. 1

HIV increases BiP expression under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The expression of the chaperone BiP (78 kDa) was determined by Western blotting (bottom panels) using an anti-BiP antibody. Actin was used as a loading control. The intensity of the resulting bands was measured using ImageJ, and the BiP/actin ratio is shown in the upper panels. Each lane shown in the Western blots is representative of cells under the same infectious and pharmacological conditions in vitro or in vivo. The bars represent mean ± standard deviation (SD) of BiP expression within each group. a PBMCs were infected with the HIV-1 R5 isolate Ba-L and maintained free of ARV drugs or incubated with a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (lamivudine/3TC) and/or a protease inhibitor (ritonavir/RTV) for 7 days, followed by harvesting to prepare protein lysates. C = control (non-infected PBMCs); 3TC = PBMCs incubated with 3TC; RTV = PBMCs incubated with RTV. b Enriched monocytes or CD4+ T lymphocytes obtained from whole blood from patients/volunteers were used to produce protein lysates. C = control (blood donors), n = 10; TN = the treatment-naïve patients, n = 7; TNPI = patients under ARV therapy without a protease inhibitor, n = 9; TPI = patients under ARV therapy with a protease inhibitor, n = 9. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001

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