Figure 5

Relevant metabolic indicators in LF pathogenesis. Hepatic enzymes ALP, ALT, and AST were highly elevated in LF patients, particularly for LF F patients. AST levels were the best prognosticator in LF, with nearly all fatal cases showing extremely high levels. Dissolved tCO₂ levels were significantly lower than normal for LF F patients, whereas BUN levels were significantly higher than normal. Serum calcium levels (corrected for serum albumin levels) were elevated in LF patients regardless of eventual outcome, but no differences in elevation were observed between acute LF groups. Lower and upper outliers are denoted with pink and red asterisks (*), respectively. Significant p values are denoted as * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.