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Table 1 Clinical and pathological findings during the two outbreaks.

From: Encephalomyocarditis virus infection in an Italian zoo

Species

Sex

Death date

Clinical signs

Gross pathology

EMCV investigation results

Lemur catta

n.r. °

15-10-06

Sudden death

No gross lesions were observed

Pos

Lemur catta

m

20-10-06

Lack of coordination

Pericardic haemorrhages, pulmonary emphysema and oedema, meningeal congestion

Pos

Lemur catta

m

4-11-06

Sudden death

Sero-haemorrhagic thoracic fluid, pulmonary oedema, catharral enteritis, pericardic haemorrhages, cardiomegaly, whitish necrotic foci, pulmonary emphysema, ascites, abdominal organs congestion, mild liver hyperaemia, meningeal congestion

Pos

Eulemur macaco macaco

m

17-11-06

Anorexia, sensory depression

Very severe pulmonary oedema

Pos

Eulemur albifrons

m

27-11-06

Sudden death

Diffuse pulmonary edema, sero-haemorrhagic thoracic fluid, pericardic haemorrhages, pulmonary emphysema, meningeal congestion, catharral enteritis

Pos

Eulemur albifrons

m

16-12-06

Lethargy, sensory depression

Thoracic fluid, severe pulmonary edema, cardiomegaly, presence of nematodes (Trichuris spp.) in the stomach, sero-haemorrhagic thoracic fluid, pericardic haemorrhages, pulmonary emphysema, meningeal congestion

Pos

Macaca sylvanus

m

27-12-06

Sudden death

Mild pulmonary oedema

Pos

Varecia variegata rubra

n.r.

27-12-06

Sudden death

Mild pulmonary oedema, evident cardiomegaly and grey-white necrotic foci of the myocardium

Pos

Macaca sylvanus

n.r.

30-12-06

Sudden death

Necrosis of the posterior fingers and partial necrosis of anterior fingers, marginal lobular pulmonary haemorrhages, evident cardiomegaly, abundant hydropericardium

Neg

Macaca sylvanus

n.r.

05-01-07

Sudden death

No gross lesions were observed

Pos

Callithrix jacchus

m

16-01-07

Sudden death

Lymphomegaly, kidney pallor, epathomegaly, cardiomegaly and grey-white necrotic foci of the myocardium, pulmonary oedema, ascite

Pos

Callithrix jacchus

f

19-01-07

Sudden death

Mild pulmonary oedema

Neg

Varecia variegata rubra

f

21-01-07

Sudden death

Thoracic fluid, evident pulmonary oedema, cardiomegaly and grey-white necrotic foci of the myocardium

Pos

Varecia variegata rubra

n.r.

02-02-07

Sudden death

Mild pulmonary oedema and grey-white necrotic foci of the myocardium

Pos

Macaca sylvanus

n.r.

07-02-07

Sudden death

Catharral enteritis, presence of nematodes (Strongiloides spp.) in the small intestine

Pos

Varecia variegata rubra

m

23-09-08

Sudden death

Pulmonary oedema and grey-white necrotic foci of the myocardium

Pos

Varecia variegata rubra

m

04-11-08

Sensory depression

Pulmonary oedema and grey-white necrotic foci of the myocardium

Pos

Varecia variegata rubra

f

06-11-08

Sudden death

Pulmonary oedema and grey-white necrotic foci of the myocardium

pos

  1. °n.r. = not reported