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Table 2 Evidence for infection in Hashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditis

From: Viruses and thyroiditis: an update

in favour of infection

references

not in favour of infection

references

Levels of data: Epidemiological

antithyroid antibodies following subacute thyroiditis

[32, 46]

euthyroidism: nonspecific autoimmune response ?

[32, 46]

unknown antithyroid antibodies following subacute thyroiditis

[45]

  

seasonality of month of birth

[44]

  

HTLV-1

[52, 53]

SARS: central hypothyroidism

[115]

HIV

[65]

HIV

[67, 68]

non-HIV retrovirus

[69]

  

congenital rubella

[88, 89, 91]

congenital rubella

[90]

HCV, HBV

[107, 108, 110]

HCV

[111, 112]

enterovirus infection during pregnancy

[120]

measles-mumps-rubella vaccination

[51]

Serological and/or circulating viral genome

HTLV-1

[54–58, 60, 137]

HIAP-1

[78]

congenital and acquired rubella

[88–90, 92–94]

  

EBV

[99, 100]

  

Parvovirus

[104]

  

Direct evidence of infection

HTLV-1

[59]

HFV

[19]

rubella

[87]

CMV

[97]

HSV

[97]

Enterovirus: RNA detected in various thyroid disease

[119]

Parvoviru

[103]

  

EBV

[132]

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