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Table 2 Interaction of EF with viral HA

From: Anti-viral properties and mode of action of standardized Echinacea purpurea extract against highly pathogenic avian Influenza virus (H5N1, H7N7) and swine-origin H1N1 (S-OIV)

   

μg/ml EF 1 hour

μg/ml EF 4 hours

IV

strain

Pos.

Ctrl.

Neg.

Ctrl.

50

100

200

400

800

50

100

200

400

800

S-OIV (H1N1)

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

KAN-1 (H5N1)

+

-

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

FPV (H7N7)

+

-

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

  1. +: indicates hemagglutinin activity (agglutination of erythrocytes)
  2. -: indicates no hemagglutin activity. Ctrl, control