From: Anti-viral properties and mode of action of standardized Echinacea purpurea extract against highly pathogenic avian Influenza virus (H5N1, H7N7) and swine-origin H1N1 (S-OIV)
EF dilution
(μg/ml)
Virus titer
(PFU, % of control)
1:30 (53.3)
< 0.1
1:102 (16)
1: 103 (1.6)
1: 104 (0.16)
1.0 ± 0
1: 105 (0.016)
110 ± 7.8