Innate immune responses in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection

Table 1 Summary of the mechanisms employed by HBV to counteract induction of an efficient interferon response in infected cells

Experimental model	Mechanism	HBV protein involved	Functional outcome	Reference
Human hepatocyte cell line	Inhibition of IRF3	HBV polymerase	Inhibition of IFN-β induction	[52]
Hepatoma cell lines, liver tumor samples	MAVS degradation	HBx	Prevention of IFN-β induction	[55]
Hepatoma cell lines	Blocking DDX3 DEAD box RNA helicase	HBV polymerase	Inhibition of IFN-β promoter in response to RIG-I/MDA5 and TLR3	[51]
Hepatoma cell lines, HBx transgenic mouse	HBx binding to IPS-1	HBx	Inhibition of IFN-β induction	[54]
Hepatoma cell lines	Binding and inactivation of mitochondrial membrane protein virus-induced signalling adaptor (VISA)	HBx	Inhibition of virus-triggered IRF3 activation and IFN-β induction	[53]
HBV transgenic mice and hepatoma cell lines		HBsAg, HBeAg, or HBV virions	Suppression of TLR 1-9 induced activation of IRF3, NF-κB, ERK1/2 and IFN-β production	[58]
VSV infection of hepatoma cell lines and monocyte-derived dendritic cells from patients with HBV infection			Reduced RIG-I expression and IFN-β production	[50]

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