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Table 2 Cellular factors interacting synergistically with Tat ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/RefSeq/HIVInteractions/ )

From: Roles and functions of HIV-1 Tat protein in the CNS: an overview

Protein name

Protein Acc

Ref PMID(s)

Interaction description

Beta-nerve growth factor precursor

NP_002497.2

8178451

Nerve growth factor synergizes with HIV-1 Tat to induce HIV-1 gene expression in neuronal and glial cell lines

CD40 ligand

NP_000065.1

 

Recombinant CD40L synergizes with HIV-1 Tat to increase TNF-alpha release from primary human monocytes and microglia in an NF-kappaB-dependent manner. This synergism is attributed to a Tat-mediated up-regulation of CD40

CDK-activating kinase assembly factor MAT1 isoform 1

NP_002422.1

8934526

TFIIH synergizes with HIV-1 Tat to induce transcription elongation from the HIV-1 LTR promoter

Cyclin-dependent kinase 7

NP_001790.1

 

Cyclin-H isoform 1

NP_001230.1

8934526

Cytochrome B-245 heavy chain

NP_000388.2

21029719

Nox2 is involved in HIV-1 Tat-induced NADPH oxidase p65 and IKK phosphorylation

E3 SUMO-protein ligase EGR2 isoform a

NP_000390.2

11909874

HIV-1 Tat (through amino acids 30–40) binds to Egr-2 and synergizes with this protein to super induce the FasL promoter

Early growth response protein 3 isoform 1

NP_004421.2

Endothelial transcription factor GATA-2 isof. 1

NP_116027.2

9517987

GATA-2 synergizes with HIV-1 Tat to enhance transcriptional activity from the HIV-1 LTR promoter

Fibroblast growth factor 2

NP_001997.5

 

HIV-1 Tat synergizes with bFGF to promote Kaposi's sarcoma, endothelial cell growth and locomotion, and secretion of matrix-metalloproteinase-2

General transcription factor IIF subunit 1 & 2

NP_002087.2

 

TFIIF synergizes with HIV-1 Tat and the cellular co-activator Tat-SF1 during Tat-mediated transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR promoter

NP_004119.1

General transcription factor IIH subunit 1, 2, 3 and 4

NP_005307.1

8934526

TFIIH synergizes with HIV-1 Tat to induce transcription elongation from the HIV-1 LTR promoter

NP_001506.1

NP_001507.2

NP_001508.1

Histone acetyltransferase KAT2B

NP_003875.3

 

HIV-1 Tat synergizes with P/CAF to activate the HIV-1 LTR promoter

Histone acetyltransferase p300

NP_001420.2

18226242

HIV-1 Tat, NAP-1, and p300 synergistically activate HIV-1 transcription

Interferon gamma precursor

NP_000610.2

 

IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma synergize with HIV-1 Tat to promote in nude mice the development of angioproliferative Kaposi's sarcoma-like lesions

10446807

HIV-1 Tat synergizes with IFN-gamma to induce iNOS activity in purified rat microglial cultures

18569454

Tat and IFN-gamma synergistically induce the expression of CXCL10, which is inhibited by MEK1/2 inhibitor and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor

 

HIV-1 Tat in combination with IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha increases CXCL10 mRNA and protein in human astrocytes through the activation of the p38, Jnk, and Akt signaling pathways and their downstream transcription factors, NF-kappaB and STAT-1alpha

19941336

HIV-1 Tat increases CXCL10 expression in IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha stimulated human astrocytes via NADPH oxidase

Interleukin-1 beta protein

NP_000567.1

10438928

IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma synergize with HIV-1 Tat to promote in nude mice the development of angioproliferative Kaposi's sarcoma-like lesions

Nuclear factor 1C-type isoform 5

NP_005588.2

 

HIV-1 Tat synergizes with CTF to activate transcription and enhance transcript elongation and exon skipping

Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 isoform A

NP_765978.1

 

NFATc synergizes with NF-kappa B and HIV-1 Tat in transcriptional activation of the HIV-1 LTR promoter and enhances HIV-1 replication in T cells

Nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 1

NP_004528.1

18226242

HIV-1 Tat, NAP-1, and p300 synergistically activate HIV-1 transcription

RISC-loading complex subunit TARBP2 isoform a

NP_599150.1

 

TRBP2 binds to HIV-1 TAR RNA and synergizes with HIV-1 Tat to activate the HIV-1 LTR promoter

TATA-box-binding protein isoform 1

NP_003185.1

 

TBP synergizes with HIV-1 Tat during Tat-mediated transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR promoter

T-box transcription factor TBX21

NP_037483.1

18300036

Pretreatment of THP-1 cells with HIV-1 Tat/T-bet co-cultures with CD4 + T cells, resulting in increased levels of IFN-gamma

TFIIH basal transcription factor complex helicase XPB subunit

NP_000113.1

8934526

TFIIH synergizes with HIV-1 Tat to induce transcription elongation from the HIV-1 LTR promoter

TFIIH basal transcription factor complex helicase XPD subunit isoform 1

NP_000391.1

Thyroid hormone receptor alpha isoform 2

NP_003241.2

 

HIV-1 Tat synergizes with thyroid hormone (T3) receptor alpha to activate the HIV-1 LTR promoter in the absence of T3, which is relieved in its presence, suggesting a possible role for T3 in the control of HIV-1 gene expression

Transcription elongation factor A protein 1 isoform 1/ protein 2 isoform α/ protein 3

NP_006747.1

1559613

TFIIS synergizes with HIV-1 Tat during transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR promoter

NP_003186.1

NP_003187.1

Transcription factor Sp1 isoform a

  

Sp1 synergizes with HIV-1 Tat to activate HIV-1 transcription

Tumor necrosis factor

 

15246652

HIV-1 Tat synergizes with TNF-alpha to enhance IL-6 secretion and activate human central nervous system-derived endothelial cells

19479051

HIV-1 Tat synergizes with TNF-alpha to induce the expression of adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and ELAM-1

19941336

IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma synergize with HIV-1 Tat to promote in nude mice the development of angioproliferative Kaposi's sarcoma-like lesions

 

HIV-1 Tat and TNF-alpha synergistically activate the adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells

HIV-1 Tat in combination with IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha increases CXCL10 mRNA and protein in human astrocytes through the activation of the p38, Jnk, and Akt signaling pathways and their downstream transcription factors, NF-kappaB and STAT-1alpha

HIV-1 Tat increases CXCL10 expression in IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha stimulated human astrocytes via NADPH oxidase

Zinc finger protein GLI2

NP_005261.2

11160734

GLI-2 physically interacts with HIV-1 Tat (demonstrated in GST pull-down experiments) and strongly synergizes with Tat during transactivation of the HIV-1 LTR promoter