Table 1 Human viruses related to cancer: viral proteins affecting apoptosis
Virus | Cancer type | Protein | Mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|
Epstein Barr | Burkitt’s lymphoma [17] | EBNA3C | Binds Rb and promotes cell cycle progression |
Hodgkin’s lymphoma [18] | EBNA1 | Inhibits p53 induced apoptosis | |
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma [19] | Â | Â | |
Gastric carcinoma [20] | Â | Â | |
Human Herpesvirus 8 (KSHV) | LANA1 Kaposina | Bind to p53 and inhibit p53-dependent apoptosis | |
Human Papillomavirus | Cervical cancer [23] | E6 | Inhibits p53, Bak, FaDD and procaspase 8 |
Oropharyngeal carcinoma [24] | E7 | Pleiotropic effects inhibiting and promoting apoptosis | |
Anal cancer [25] | E2 | Binds and activates caspase 8 (HPV-18); | |
| Â | Â | Interacts with c-Flip inhibiting its action | |
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV) | Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma [26] | Tax | Involved in regulation of cell-cycle, apoptosis, cellular transcription, NFkβ, chromatin remodeling |
Hepatitis B | Hepatocellular carcinoma [27] | HBx | Activates caspases 3 and 8 |
Hepatitis C | Hepatocellular carcinoma [28] | Core, NS3 and NS5A | Suppress p53-mediated apoptosis |