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Table 1 Association of viruses and neurodegeneration

From: Viruses and neurodegeneration

Virus

Family

Species

Reported neurological manifestations

Reference

DNA

Herpesviridae

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)

Cognitive changes

[6]

Neuronal destruction

Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6)

Meningoencephalitis and leucoencephalitis

[7]

Dead and dying neurons undergoing neuronophagia

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

Grey-matter atrophy

[8]

Encephalopathy and acute quadriparesis Anterior horn cell degeneration

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

Transverse myelitis

[9]

Variecella zoster virus (VZV)

Infection of trigeminal ganglion

[10]

Polyomaviridae

JC virus

Infection of oliodendrocytes, astrocytes and neurons

[11]

RNA

(−)ssRNA Virus

Bornaviridae

Borna disease virus

Patent infection of the limbic system

[12]

Orthomyxoviridae

Influenza virus

H3N2

Amyotrophy, MS flares, encephalitis, encephalopathy, myelopathy, GBS, seizures, relapsing delirium,

[13, 14]

 

H1N1

Delirium, cycloplegia, encephalitis lethargica, GBS, encephalopathy, seizures, ataxia

[15–19]

 

H2N2

Encephalitis, seizures, muscle paralysis, GBS

[20, 21]

 

H5N1

Viral neurotropism in animals

[18]

Paramyxoviridae

Measles

Myelin damage

[22]

Rhabdoviridae

Rabies virus

Cognitive changes, neuronal destruction

[6]

(+)ssRNA

Flaviviridae

West Nile Virus

Encephalitis

[23]

  

Japanese encephalities B virus

Neuronal death

[24]

  

St. Louis virus

Juvenile parkinson disease, encephalitis

[25, 26]

dsRNA

Picornaviridae

Poliovirus

Encephalitis

[27]

  

Echo virus

Meningitis, neuro-muscular diseases

[28]

  

Coxsackie virus

Encephalitis

[29]

  

Enterovirus 71

Encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, brain stem enceptitis and motor neuron death

[30]

(+)ssRNA

Retroviridae

HIV

HIV associated dementia

[31]