Skip to main content

Transcriptome analysis of Cucumis sativus infected by Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus

Abstract

Background

Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) is a recently reported bipartite crinivirus that causes chlorotic leaf spots and yellowing symptoms on the leaves of cucurbit plants. The virus–host interaction of CCYV remains to be elucidated, and the influence of criniviruses on the host gene transcriptome requires analysis.

Methods

We used transcriptome sequencing to analyse the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) caused by CCYV infection.

Results

CCYV infection resulted in 865 DEGs. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis identified 67 pathways, and the three major enrichment pathways (according to the P-values) were photosynthesis-antenna proteins (KO00196), phenylalanine metabolism (KO00360a), and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (KO00940). Of the 13 DEGs identified in phenylalanine metabolism, 11 genes encode disease resistance-related phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) genes. Using quantitative real-time PCR, we validated the differential expression of 12 genes.

Conclusions

Our study based on the CCYV–cucumber interaction provides comprehensive transcriptomic information, and will improve our understanding of host–crinivirus interactions.

Background

Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) is a newly discovered cucurbit-infecting crinivirus of the family Closteroviridae [17]. CCYV causes chlorotic leaf spots and yellowing symptoms on the leaves of cucumber and melon, resulting in lower yields and poorer quality fruit. Like most members of the genus Crinivirus, CCYV consists of a bipartite positive sense RNA genome: 8607-nucleotide [nt] RNA1 and 8041-nt RNA2 [8]. RNA1 contains four open reading frames (ORFs): ORF1a, ORF1b, ORF2, and ORF3. ORF1a encodes methyltransferase and RNA helicase, while ORF1b encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase motif. ORF2 and ORF3 encode P6 and P22, proteins with molecular masses of approximately 6 and 22 kDa, respectively. The 3′ ORFs of RNA1 are quite variable among the criniviruses; indeed, P6 and P22 show no significant similarity to corresponding proteins from other criniviruses [5]. RNA2 is predicted to encode eight proteins: P4.9, HSP70h, P6.5, P59, P9, CP, CPm, and P26. The genes encoding HSP70h, P59, CP, and CPm are conserved in the family Closteroviridae as a “hallmark gene array,” but the biological functions of the proteins encoded by RNA1 and RNA2 have yet to be elucidated. As a newly reported virus current studies were mainly focused on the establishment of detection method [9, 10], construction of infectious clone [11], and its transmission [12, 13].

Viral infection is a complex process involving an interaction between the virus and the host. Understanding host responses during viral infection will help in the development of effective strategies for virus control. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have enabled new approaches to transcriptome analysis [14, 15], and have been applied extensively to uncover the responses of plant hosts to viral infection [1622].

This study used transcriptome analysis with a NGS approach to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in cucumber after CCYV infection. The results showed that 865 genes were differentially expressed after CCYV infection, with 554 up-regulated and 311 down-regulated. Based on the P-values, the three major pathways involved were the photosynthesis-antenna protein (KO00196), phenylalanine metabolism (KO00360a) and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (KO00940) pathways. The expression of genes involved in these three pathways was up-regulated. Using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), we validated the differential expression of 12 genes. Our study will improve our understanding of plant–virus interactions.

Methods

Plant growth and virus inoculation

Cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) xinyou36 were grown in a greenhouse under a 16 h light and 8 h dark cycle at 25 °C. A CCYV infectious clone was allowed to infiltrate cucumber cotyledons, as described previously [12]. Cucumber plants inoculated with a mock solution served as a control. At 18 days post-infiltration, the first leaf tissue was collected from CCYV- and mock-infected plants. Three biological replicates (three plants per replicate) were processed independently.

RNA extraction

Total RNA was extracted from CCYV-infected leaves using TRIzol reagent according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). The total RNA was treated with RNase-free DNase I (Takara Bio, Shiga, Japan) for 30 min at 37 °C to remove residual DNA. The RNA concentration was determined by micro-spectrophotometry analysis (NanoDrop 2000, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and the RNA sample integrity was examined using Bio-analyzer 2100 equipment (Agilent Technologies, Germany).

RNA-Seq library construction and sequencing

The extracted total RNA samples were used for cDNA synthesis. Poly (A) mRNA was isolated using oligo-dT beads (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The mRNA was broken into short fragments (~300 nt). First-strand cDNA was synthesized using random hexamer-primed reverse transcription. Second-strand cDNA was generated using RNase H and DNA polymerase I. The cDNA fragments were purified and washed for end repair and ligated to sequencing adapters. The cDNA fragments of suitable size were purified and enriched by PCR to obtain the final cDNA library. The cDNA library was sequenced using HiSeq™ 2500 equipment (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). The same equipment was also used for original image processing of sequences, base calling, and quality value calculations.

Data analysis of RNA-Seq

Clean reads were selected after removing low-quality sequences (i.e., sequences in which more than 50% of the bases had a quality rating below 20), reads containing adaptor sequences, and reads with more than 5% unknown bases. Then, the sequencing reads were mapped to reference sequences using the Burrows–Wheeler Alignment Tool (http://bio-bwa.sourceforge.net/bwa.shtml). The read coverage of one gene was used to calculate the gene expression level, which was measured with the reads per kilobase of exon model per million mapped reads (RPKM) method.

Evaluation of differentially expressed genes

After annotation, the expressed genes were compared between pairs of samples. The false discovery rate (FDR) was used to determine the P-value in multiple tests. For the analysis, we used FDR ≤ 0.001 and a log2 ratio ≥ 1 to assess the significance of gene expression differences.

To determine the main biological functions and pathways of the DEGs, all DEGs were mapped to terms in the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases.

Quantitative real-time PCR validation

To validate the transcriptome results, qRT-PCR was conducted using the total RNA for RNA-Seq. For reverse transcription, 1 μg of total RNA was used with the PrimeScript RT reagent kit (Takara), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Twelve annotated unigenes were selected for validation. Primer sets were designed using Primer Premier software (ver. 5.0) (Table 1). The qRT-PCR reactions were performed with 5 μL of SYBR Green master mix, 20 ng of cDNA, and 200 nM each of the sense and antisense primers, in a total volume of 10 μL (Takara). Ubiquitin was used as a reference for calculating relative abundances using the 2-CT method. All qRT-PCR experiments were performed in triplicate.

Table 1 Primers used for qRT-PCR

Results

Overview of transcriptome sequencing

To profile differential gene expression during CCYV infection, RNA-Seq libraries were constructed for the mock- and CCYV-inoculated cucumber plants. In total 29,823,892–39,138,040 clean reads of CCYV-infected cucumber plants, and 32,161,272–36,948,220 reads of mock-inoculated cucumber plants, were sequenced. After filtering, 26, 854,505–35,530,271 unique reads could be mapped to cucumber genes in the CCYV-infected cucumber plants, and 29,004,918–33,297,555 unique reads were mapped to cucumber genes in the mock-inoculated cucumber plants (Table 2).

Table 2 Summary of the transcriptome results

Analysis of DEGs after CCYV infection

An FDR ≤ 0.001 and log2 ratio ≥ 1 were used to identify DEGs. In total, 865 DEGs were identified, of which 311 were down-regulated and 554 were up-regulated in response to CCYV infection (Fig. 1). The fold change in gene expression was mainly between 1 and 2 (Additional file 1: Figure S1).

Fig. 1
figure 1

The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to CCYV infection

GO analysis

Further GO analyses of the DEGs classified the DEGs into 75 cellular component, 240 molecular function, and 755 biological process genes (Additional file 2: Table S1, Additional file 3: Table S2 and Additional file 4: Table S3). Of these, 11 cellular component, 18 molecular function, and 63 biological process genes were significant (Q < 0.05) (Additional file 5: Figure S2, Additional file 6: Table S4). The main categories identified for the cellular components, molecular functions, and biological processes were the cell and cell parts, binding and catalytic activity, and metabolic and cellular processes, respectively (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2
figure 2

Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the DEGs. The genes were divided into three categories: cellular component, biological process, and molecular function genes

KEGG pathway enrichment analysis

To further understand the molecular and biological functions of the DEGs, the genes were mapped to the KEGG database. Pathway enrichment analysis identified 67 pathways, of which 10 were enriched using the criterion P < 0.05 (Fig. 3a, Additional file 7: Figure S3). Further enrichment analysis of up- and down-regulated genes showed that genes involved in photosynthesis-antenna protein synthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, photosynthesis, and the regulation of autophagy were up-regulated (Fig. 3b), while genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, zeatin biosynthesis, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, fatty acid elongation, and tryptophan metabolism were down-regulated (Fig. 3c). Of the 13 identified phenylalanine metabolism DEGs, 11 genes encode phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) genes, which are associated with disease resistance.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. a All pathways were enriched using the criterion P < 0.05; b Pathway enrichment analysis of up-regulated genes. c Pathway enrichment analysis of down-regulated genes

Validation of the transcriptome data by qRT-PCR

To validate the DEGs, 12 unigenes were selected for qRT-PCR analysis: four unigenes from the top 10 pathways with the most significant differences, and eight unigenes selected randomly from other pathways. The results indicated that the qRT-PCR data were consistent with the transcriptome results (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4
figure 4

Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) validation of DEGs. The cucumber ubiquitin gene was used as an internal control. Error bars represent the standard deviation of the qRT-PCR signals (n = 3). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences compared with the control (P < 0.05)

Discussion

The recently reported CCYV virus can reduce cucurbit quality and yield, and is become increasingly important worldwide [23]. In this study, we used NGS approaches to investigate the DEGs associated with CCYV infection in cucumber plants. RNA-Seq analysis identified 19,192 known, and 532 new genes compared with the existing 23,248 cucumber reference genes, of which 865 genes were differentially expressed. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that photosynthesis-antenna protein pathway, phenylalanine metabolism, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis showed the most significant difference based on the Q-value. Further analysis of the top 10 most significantly enriched KEGG pathways showed that 8 out of 10 were related to metabolism, while the other two regulated autophagy and insulin resistance.

Phenylpropanoids play important roles in plant responses towards biotic and abiotic stress [24, 25]. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) contributes to several pathways including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and is an important interface between primary and secondary metabolism [24, 26]. PAL plays an important role in plant defence, and PAL gene expression was upregulated in response to different pathogen infection [2729]. Here we found that 11 DEGs encoding PAL gene were upregulated implying the involvment of PAL gene in the defense against CCYV infection. In our study genes involved in the “plant-pathogen interaction” pathway were up-regulated during CCYV infection. These defense-related genes included WRKY transcription factors, calcium binding protein, and respiratory burst oxidase homolog protein. Here seven cucumber WRKY transcription factors were found to be induced after CCYV infection. Previous studies have shown that various WRKY genes from different plants are induced in response to the infection by bacterial [30], fungal [3133], and viral pathogens [34, 35].

The repression of genes related to photosynthesis has been reported in chlorotic tissues [3640]. Here, we found that genes involved in pathways related to photosynthesis were up-regulated. This difference may be due to the time point at which the samples were collected, because Pepino mosaic virus strongly repressed photosynthesis-related genes 4 days post inoculation, while several genes involved in chlorophyll binding and light harvesting were induced at 12 days post inoculation [41]. Besides, In Arabidopsis leaves infected with fungi Albugo candida and in tomato plants infected with Botrytis cinerea, enhanced photosynthesis was oberved surrounding the area with decreased photosynthesis at the infection site [42]. The stimulation of photosynthesis maybe due to the defence strategy of the plant.

Conclusion

Using transcriptome sequencing, we obtained a genome-wide transcript profile of cucumber plants infected by CCYV, and genes involved in the plant defense system were found to be differentially expressed after CCYV infection. The information obtained in this study will help investigations of the detailed mechanisms of the CCYV–host interaction and could identify resistance genes.

References

  1. Abrahamian P, Sobh H, Abou-Jawdah YA. First report of Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus on cucumber in Lebanon. Plant Dis. 2012;96:1704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Gu QS, Liu YH, Wang YH, Huangfu WG, Gu HF, Xu L, Song FM, Brown JK. First report of Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus in cucumber, melon, and watermelon in China. Plant Dis. 2011;95:1168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Huang LH, Tseng HH, Li JT, Chen TC. First report of Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus infecting cucurbits in taiwan. Plant Dis. 2010;94:1168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Keshawarz T, Shams-Bakhsh M, Izadpanah K, Malboobi MA. Occurrence and genome analysis of Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus in Iran. J Phytopathol. 2014;162:523–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Okuda M, Okazaki S, Yanasaki S, Okuda S, Sugiyama M. Host range and complete genome sequence of Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus, a new member of the genus crinivirus. Phytopathology. 2010;100:560–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Orfanidou C, Maliogka VI, Katis NI. First report of Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus in Cucumber, Melon, and Watermelon in Greece. Plant Dis. 2014;98:1446–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Hamed K, Menzel W, Dafalla G, Gadelseed AMA, Winter S. First report of Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus infecting muskmelon and cucumber in Sudan. Plant Dis. 2011;95:1321.1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Kiss ZA, Medina V, Falk BW. Crinivirus replication and host interactions. Front Microbiol. 2013;4(99):1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Okuda M, Okuda S, Iwai H. Detection of Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus from Bemisia tabaci captured on sticky traps using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) and simple template preparation. J Virol Methods. 2015;221:9–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Wang Z, Gu Q, Sun H, Li H, Sun B, Liang X, Yuan Y, Liu R, Shi Y. One-step reverse transcription loop mediated isothermal amplification assay for sensitive and rapid detection of Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus. J Virol Methods. 2014;195:63–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Shi Y, Shi Y, Gu Q, Yan F, Sun X, Li H, Chen L, Sun B, Wang Z. Infectious clones of the crinivirus Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus are competent for plant systemic infection and vector transmission. J Gen Virol. 2016;97(6):1458–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gytoutoku Y, Okazaki S, Furuta A, Etoh T, Mizobe M, Kuno K, Hayashida S, Okuda M. Chlorotic yellows disease of melon caused by Cucutbit chlorotic yellows virus, a new crinivirus. Jpn J Phytopatol. 2009;75:109–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Li J, Liang X, Wang X, Shi Y, Gu Q, Kuo Y, Falk BW, Yan F. Direct evidence for the semipersistent transmission of Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus by a whitefly vector. Sci Rep. 2016;6:36604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Sultan M, Schulz MH, Richard H, Magen A, Klingenhoff A, Scherf M, Seifert M, Borodina T, Soldatov A, Parkhomchuk D, et al. A global view of gene activity and alternative splicing by deep sequencing of the human transcriptome. Science. 2008;321:956–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Nagalakshmi U, Wang Z, Waern K, Shou C, Raha D, Gerstein M, Snyder M. The transcriptional landscape of the yeast genome defined by RNA sequencing. Science. 2008;320:1344–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Babu M, Griffiths JS, Huang TS, Wang A. Altered gene expression changes in Arabidopsis leaf tissues and protoplasts in response to Plum pox virus infection. BMC Genomics. 2008;9:325.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Chen H, Arsovski AA, Yu K, Wang A. Genome-wide investigation using sRNA-Seq, degradome-Seq and transcriptome-Seq reveals regulatory networks of microRNAs and their target genes in soybean during soybean mosaic virus infection. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0150582.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Du P, Wu J, Zhang J, Zhao S, Zheng H, Gao G, Wei L, Li Y. Viral infection induces expression of novel phased microRNAs from conserved cellular microRNA precursors. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7:e1002176.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Lu J, Du ZX, Kong J, Chen LN, Qiu YH, Li GF, Meng XH, Zhu SF. Transcriptome analysis of Nicotiana tabacum infected by Cucumber mosaic virus during systemic symptom development. PLoS One. 2012;7:e43447.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Yang C, Guo R, Jie F, Nettleton D, Peng J, Carr T, Yeakley JM, Fan JB, Whitham SA. Spatial analysis of arabidopsis thaliana gene expression in response to Turnip mosaic virus infection. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2007;20:358–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Yang J, Zhang F, Li J, Chen JP, Zhang HM. Integrative analysis of the microRNAome and transcriptome illuminates the response of susceptible rice plants to rice stripe virus. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0146946.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Zhang Z, Zhang P, Li W, Zhang J, Huang F, Yang J, Bei Y, Lu Y. De novo transcriptome sequencing in Frankliniella occidentalis to identify genes involved in plant virus transmission and insecticide resistance. Genomics. 2013;101:296–305.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Okazaki S, Okuda M, Suqiyama M, Sakata Y, Takeshita M, Iwai H. Resistance in melon to Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus, a whitefly-transmitted crinivirus. Euro J Plant Pathol. 2013;135:313–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Vogt T. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Mol Plant. 2010;3:2–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. La Camera S, Gouzerh G, Dhondt S, Hoffmann L, Fritig B, Legrand M, Heitz T. Metabolic reprogramming in plant innate immunity: the contributions of phenylpropanoid and oxylipin pathways. Immunol Rev. 2004;198:267–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Huang J, Gu M, Lai Z, Fan B, Shi K, Zhou YH, Yu JQ, Chen Z. Functional analysis of the Arabidopsis PAL gene family in plant growth, development, and response to environmental stress. Plant Physiol. 2010;153:1526–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Starr JL, Yang W, Yan Y, Crutcher F, Kolomiets M. Expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase genes in maize lines differing in susceptibility to meloidogyne incognita. J Nematol. 2014;46:360–4.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Kim DS, Hwang BK. An important role of the pepper phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene (PAL1) in salicylic acid-dependent signalling of the defence response to microbial pathogens. J Exp Bot. 2014;65:2295–306.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Pellegrini L, Rohfritsch O, Fritig B, Legrand M. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in tobacco. Molecular cloning and gene expression during the hypersensitive reaction to tobacco mosaic virus and the response to a fungal elicitor. Plant Physiol. 1994;106:877–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Zheng Z, Mosher SL, Fan B, Klessig DF, Chen Z. Functional analysis of Arabidopsis WRKY25 transcription factor in plant defense against Pseudomonas syringae. BMC Plant Biol. 2007;7:2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Dellagi A, Helibronn J, Avrova AO, Montesano M, Palva ET, Stewart HE, Toth IK, Cooke DE, Lyon GD, Birch PR. A potato gene encoding a WRKY-like transcription factor is induced in interactions with Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica and Phytophthora infestans and is coregulated with class I endochitinase expression. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2000;13:1092–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Marchive C, Mzid R, Deluc L, Barrieu F, Pirrello J, Gauthier A, Corio-Costet MF, Regad F, Cailleteau B, Hamdi S, Lauvergeat V. Isolation and characterization of a Vitis vinifera transcription factor, VvWRKY1, and its effect on responses to fungal pathogens in transgenic tobacco plants. J Exp Bot. 2007;58:1999–2010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Zheng Z, Qamar SA, Chen Z, Mengiste T. Arabidopsis WRKY33 transcription factor is required for resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Plant J. 2006;48:592–605.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Yoda H, Ogawa M, Yamaguchi Y, Koizumi N, Kusano T, Sano H. Identification of early-responsive genes associated with the hypersensitive response to tobacco mosaic virus and characterization of a WRKY-type transcription factor in tobacco plants. Mol Genet Genomics. 2002;267:154–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Huh SU, Choi LM, Lee GJ, Kim YJ, Paek KH. Capsicum annuum WRKY transcription factor d (CaWRKYd) regulates hypersensitive response and defense response upon Tobacco mosaic virus infection. Plant Sci. 2012;197:50–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Babu M, Gagarinova AG, Brandle JE, Wang A. Association of the transcriptional response of soybean plants with soybean mosaic virus systemic infection. J Gen Virol. 2008;89:1069–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Dardick C. Comparative expression profiling of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves systemically infected with three fruit tree viruses. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2007;20:1004–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Satoh K, Kondoh H, Sasaya T, Shimizu T, Choi IR, Omura T, Kikuchi S. Selective modification of rice (Oryza sativa) gene expression by rice stripe virus infection. J Gen Virol. 2010;91:294–305.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Satoh K, Shimizu T, Kondoh H, Hiraguri A, Sasaya T, Choi IR, Omura T, Kikuchi S. Relationship between symptoms and gene expression induced by the infection of three strains of Rice dwarf virus. PLoS One. 2011;6:e18094.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Rodrigo G, Carrera J, Ruiz-Ferrer V, del Toro FJ, Llave C, Voinnet O, Elena SF. A meta-analysis reveals the commonalities and differences in Arabidopsis thaliana response to different viral pathogens. PLoS One. 2012;7:e40526.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Hanssen IM, van Esse HP, Ballester AR, Hogewoning SW, Parra NO, Paeleman A, Lievens B, Bovy AG, Thomma BP. Differential tomato transcriptomic responses induced by pepino mosaic virus isolates with differential aggressiveness. Plant Physiol. 2011;156:301–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Berger S, Sinha AK, Roitsch T. Plant physiology meets phytopathology: plant primary metabolism and plant-pathogen interactions. J Exp Bot. 2007;58:4019–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Financial support was provided by Henan key laboratory of fruit and cucurbit biology foundation (HNS-201508-9) and Henan key scientific and technological project (162102110102).

Availability of data and materials

All data and materials described in the manuscript are available in the Additional files 2, 3, 4 and 6.

Authors’ contributions

YS designed the experiment. XS performed the experiment and data analysis. XS and YS wrote paper. ZW, WH, QG, HL were involved in discussion. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Consent for publication

All the authors consent to publish.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yan Shi.

Additional files

Additional file 1: Figure S1.

Volcano plot of the transcriptome results. Red points represent up-regulation, green points represent down-regulation, and black points represent no difference. (JPG 59 kb)

Additional file 2: Table S1.

List of DEGs classified as cellular component genes. (XLS 33 kb)

Additional file 3: Table S2.

List of DEGs classified as molecular function genes. (XLS 4 kb)

Additional file 4: Table S3.

List of DEGs classified as biological process genes. (XLS 4 kb)

Additional file 5: Figure S2.

Significantly enriched GO terms. (JPG 6565 kb)

Additional file 6: Figure S3.

Pipeline for GO annotation. (JPG 24 kb)

Additional file 7: Table S4.

Ten Significantly enriched pathways. (DOC 37 kb)

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sun, X., Wang, Z., Gu, Q. et al. Transcriptome analysis of Cucumis sativus infected by Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus. Virol J 14, 18 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-017-0690-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-017-0690-z

Keywords